Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the disposability of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly. Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice despite the ethical concerns. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from NGOs. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and thus more hidden from the public and authorities. In another estimate that suggests the number is around 45.8 million, it is estimated that around 10 million of these contemporary slaves are children. According to this definition, research from the Walk Free Foundation based on its Global Slavery Index 2018 estimated that there were about 40.3 million slaves around the world. The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children. Īccording to American professor Kevin Bales, co-founder and former president of the non-governmental organization and advocacy group Free the Slaves, modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation". Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor". The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, an agency of the United States Department of State, says that "'modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and ' human trafficking' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion".
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